Separate the citations with semi-colons and make sure the citations appear in the same order as the text material. Multiple Citations in a Single Note Consolidating multiple references into a single note can help to reduce the number of citations. (from loco citato, “in the place cited”)-are falling out of favour because they require readers to search through previous notes to find the original citation. (from opera citato, “in the work cited”) and loc. with caution to ensure that the term is not separated from its reference. The number in the text is superscript, and so is the number introducing the note. It must not be used if the preceding note contains more than one citation. (from ibidem, “in the same place”) can be used to refer to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. If more than one work by a single author is used, a short form of the title must be included in abbreviated references. Bramsted, Aristocracy and the Middle Classes in Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964), 129. Footnotes appear below a short line called a separator.1 The first footnote for a work must be complete abbreviated references may be used for subsequent citations, usually consisting of the author’s surname and the page number: 1Įrnest K. Footnotes should be single-spaced with a double-space between notes.

Indent the first line of a footnote subsequent lines should be flush with the left margin. Note numbers typically appear at the end of a sentence or clause. Format Each note is numbered consecutively in superscript arabic numerals. The Chicago Manual of Style points out that full footnotes can eliminate the need for a separate bibliography, but students are bound by the guidelines of their instructor or department. The CMS prefers endnotes, particularly for long or heavily annotated work, but Kate Turabian’s Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations recommends footnotes for student papers.

Footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page on which the footnote number appears. Endnotes are placed in a separate section at the end of the paper and before the bibliography. The Chicago Manual of Style provides the most authoritative guide for endnote and footnote format. Jones Student Services Centre 26 Bailey Drive, Box 4400 Fredericton, NB Canada, E3B 5A3Ĭontact us Phone: (506) 453-4527 (506) 452-6346 Email: ĬMS Endnote/Footnote Format Use and Arrangement of Notes Scholars in such fields as philosophy and history typically use endnote or footnote documentation systems to identify sources or provide additional discussion.

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